EPA Opts Against Regulating Lead Wheel Weights Amid Declining Usage and Low Exposure Risk

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced its decision not to regulate the manufacture, processing, or distribution of lead wheel weights, citing minimal risk of lead exposure and a significant industry shift toward alternative materials. Lead wheel weights have traditionally been used to balance motor vehicle wheels, but the automotive industry has increasingly adopted alternatives such as steel, zinc alloy, and plastic-metal composites. Notably, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, representing automakers responsible for approximately 95% of new light-duty vehicle sales in the U.S., has indicated that lead wheel weights are no longer utilized in new vehicles.

The EPA’s decision follows an advance notice of proposed rulemaking issued in April 2024, which sought stakeholder input on potential lead exposures from these products. Despite receiving 128 comments, the agency did not obtain new exposure data that would warrant regulatory action.

While the EPA has determined that lead wheel weights pose an extremely low risk, lead exposure in the workplace remains a significant concern in various industries. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), among adults with known lead exposures and blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 µg/dL or more, about 90% had occupational exposure. In 2018, the rate of adults with elevated BLLs (≥10 µg/dL) was 15 per 100,000 working adults, a decrease from 20 per 100,000 in 2011. However, certain industries continue to report higher instances of elevated BLLs. For example, a study in California identified 239 BLLs of 20 µg/dL or higher among 151 adults across 28 industries between 2020 and 2021, with the storage battery manufacturing, painting contractors, and shooting range industries accounting for the majority of cases.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for lead at 50 µg/m³ over an eight-hour time-weighted average for all employees covered. Despite these regulations, lead exposure continues to pose health risks, including neurological effects, hypertension, and reproductive toxicity.

In light of these concerns, the EPA remains committed to protecting public health from lead exposure and notes that lead is on its list of candidate chemical substances under consideration for future prioritization actions under the Toxic Substances Control Act. The agency’s decision reflects an assessment that existing industry practices and state regulations sufficiently mitigate the risks associated with lead wheel weights, reducing the need for federal regulatory intervention at this time.

While the phase-out of lead wheel weights represents progress, ongoing vigilance is necessary to address lead exposure in other occupational settings. Employers and workers in industries with potential lead exposure should continue to implement safety measures, including regular monitoring of blood lead levels and adherence to established exposure limits, to safeguard worker health.